A Permanent Magnet

A permanent magnet is an object made from a material that is magnetized and creates its own persistent magnetic field. An everyday example is a refrigerator magnet used to hold notes on a refrigerator door. Materials that can be magnetized, which are also the ones that are strongly attracted to a magnet, are called ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic). These include iron, nickel, cobalt, some alloys of rare earth metals, and some naturally occurring minerals such as lodestone. Although ferromagnetic (and ferrimagnetic) materials are the only ones attracted to a magnet strongly enough to be commonly considered magnetic, all other substances respond weakly to a magnetic field, by one of several other types of magnetism.

Ferromagnetic materials can be divided into magnetically ''soft'' materials like annealed iron which can be magnetized but doesn't tend to stay magnetized, and magnetically ''hard'' materials, which do. Permanent magnets are made from ''hard'' ferromagnetic materials which are subjected to special processing in a powerful magnetic field during manufacture, to align their internal microcrystalline structure, making them very hard to demagnetize. To demagnetize a saturated magnet, a certain magnetic field must be applied and this threshold depends on the coercivity of the respective material. ''Hard'' materials have high coercivity whereas ''soft'' materials have low coercivity.

An electromagnet is made from a coil of wire which acts as a magnet when an electric current passes through it but stops being a magnet when the current stops. Often an electromagnet is wrapped around a core of ferromagnetic material like steel, which enhances the magnetic field produced by the coil.

The overall strength of a magnet is measured by its magnetic moment, or alternately the total magnetic flux it produces. The local strength of the magnetism in a material is measured by its magnetization.